Lower and middle management is very uneven in competence yet fiercely and destructively competitive, punitive-focused and the poorer of them blame their failures on their people and are permitted to end or stagnate careers of individual contributors who challenge them. This has led to a culture among those management levels that individual contributors are not competent, and they preferentially hire outside the company when promotions are available. This has also led to a culture among individual contributors to avoid risk-taking, keep your mouth shut, do as you are told, and success behavior to get ahead is to be the biggest martyr in terms of work-life balance.
There is a lot of talk about improving the culture, but there has not been any real change. It is obvious when the situation is even moderately serious that the lower and middle management revert to their preferred behaviors of demanding ongoing heroic measures to recover from their bad decisions or inaction, defending themselves politicially and blaming/punishing subordinates.